外国人眼中的“中国白”|德化瓷雕结构的一点看法(四)——郭勒逊 - 憨鼠网

编者按：

德化陶瓷制作历史悠久，制瓷技术在不断发展基础上传承创新。陶瓷制作过程看似原始和简单，但实际上考验了陶艺家对泥土特性的把握和操纵的熟练程度。

2002年由新加坡亚洲文明博物馆出版的《中国白——德化白瓷》(Blanc de Chine—porcelain from Dehua)一书，收录了Kenson Kwok(郭勒逊)：A Note on the Construction of Dehua Figures《德化瓷雕结构的一点看法》一文，文中详细讨论了德化传统陶瓷的制作工艺，是一篇不可多得的德化陶瓷研究资料。与此同时，该文结合收藏家希克利收藏的160件德化窑精品，为了解、品鉴、研究德化白瓷提供借鉴。

在郭勒逊的文章中，总结了德化陶瓷三种主要制作方法，即模印成型、注浆成型、及手工捏塑成型，比较系统地对德化瓷雕制作工艺进行诠释。

A Note on the Construction of Dehua Figures by Kenson Kwok

德化瓷雕结构的一点看法 (四)——郭勒逊

（翻译：德化窑遗产文化研究院 孙延燕）

Inspection of the figures in the Hickley collection reveals that almost every piece has been made using either one of two methods-press-moulding or slip-casting. These methods were used to create the main parts of the figure composition- the draped body, the head and the base or seat of the figure. Details and embellishments such as hands and forearms, feet, strings of pearls, holy water containers, ruyi sceptres, sutras, cowls etc are made separately, either rolled out or modelled by hand, or sprig-moulded, and then applied to the figure. The surfaces of the figures otherwise tend to be left plain. Occasionally, the patterning on robes is suggested by incising, and techniques to indicate rough textures such as pricking with a sharp tool, ring-punching and the application of grated clayare also found. The folds of drapery, facial features and other details are also sharpened up by hand after they emerge from the mould. Most of these methods of embellishing and finishing figure sculptures are still practised in Dehua today, using simple tools of bamboo and iron.

对希克利藏品中的瓷塑研究显示，几乎每一件作品均采用模压成型或注浆成型这两种工艺之一制成。这两种方法用于塑造瓷塑的主体结构：带有自然垂坠感的身体躯干、头部，以及瓷塑的底座部分。而诸如手部与前臂、双足、珍珠串饰、圣水容器、如意权杖、经卷典籍、头巾风帽等细节装饰部件，则需单独制作。这些部件或是通过手工擀压塑形、或是通过小型模具压印法压印出特定形状的部件，完成后再将其粘贴至瓷塑主体之上。否则瓷塑的主体表面会呈现素面无纹的状态。偶尔可见通过雕刻工艺表现衣袍上的纹样；而用于呈现粗糙质感的工艺手法亦有应用，例如：以尖锐工具戳刺出纹理、以环形压印出凹纹、以及将磨碎的陶土颗粒粘贴于表面。当瓷塑部件从模具中取出后，衣褶的层次感、面部五官及其他细节特征，均需通过手工进行修整。德化至今仍沿用这些装饰和制作瓷塑的方法，使用简单的竹子和铁制工具。

Press-Moulding

The majority of the figures in the Hickley collection have been made with clay that is pressed into piece-moulds. After removal from the mould, the pieces are luted together to form the figure. The figures which are of a sufficiently small size not to explode on firing are solid; all others are constructed with a hollow internal cavity. The body to-gather with its base is usually formed from a set of two-piecemoulds, except in the more complex pieces where two or more sets of two-piece moulds may have been used.

模印成型

在希克利收藏品里，绝大部分瓷雕皆借助瓷土压印成型制作而成。